chapter 2 bag 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Linguists have studied that language is primaly speech and modern approaches to language teaching. Therefore, it is important for language teacher to  have some knowledge of phonetics.

Phonetics can help us to know which sound we are reffering to when we use certain word. In fact, every people who use English have different pronunciation when they speak a certain word.

Linguists also studied how human produces sounds of speech. There is no special organ for human to speak. So, when we speak, it is involved many organs inside.

1.2 Problem statement

Some main research questions the writer would like to answer are as follows:

What is phonetics? How are speech sounds produced? What are the organs of speech?

1.3 Purposes of study

The purpose of writing is to know about phonetics and what happens when we produce speech sound.

CHAPTer ii

CONTENTS

Linguists have shown that language is primaly speech and modern approaches to language teaching include the teaching of pronunciation. Language teachers, therefore, need to have some knowledge of phonetics, “the science which analyses and records sounds and the elements of speech, and their use and distribution in connected sentences”.

Para ahli bahasatelah menunjukkanbahwa bahasa merupakan awal mula caraberbicara danpendekatanmodern untukpengajaranbahasa meliputipengajaranpengucapan. Oleh karena itu,guru bahasa perlu memiliki beberapapengetahuan tentangfonetik, "ilmu yangmenganalisisdan mencatat suara danunsur-unsurberbicara, dan penggunaannyaserta distribusidalam penghubungan kalimat".

            When we speak we produce a stream of sound, which is extremely difficult to examine because it is continuous, rapid and soon gone. The linguist has therefore to find a way to break down the stream of speech so that the units may be studied and described accurately. Hand in hand with a method analyzing speech sounds there must be a method of recording them.

            Ketikakita berbicarakitamenghasilkanaliransuara, yangsangat sulituntuk diperiksakarenaterjadi secara terus menerus, cepatdan cepat hilang. Oleh karena itu, ahli bahasa harusmenemukan cara untukmemecahaliranberbicarasehinggaunit-unitnyadapat dipelajaridandijelaskansecara akurat. Bersamaandengan metode untuk menganalisasuaramaka ada pulametode untuk merekammereka.

2.1 PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION

            Linguists use a phonetic alphabet for the purpose of recording speech sounds in written or printed form. A phonetic alphabet is based on the principle of one letter per sound, so that people know which sound we are referring to when we use a certain letter. Such an alphabet provides a quick and accurate way of writing down the pronunciation of individual words and of showing how sounds are used in connected speech. It must be remembered, however, that a phonetic alphabet does not teach sound, nor is it necessary to use phonetic transcription in teaching pronunciation.

            Ahli bahasa menggunakan alfabet fonetik bertujuan untuk merekam suara  pembicaraan dalam bentuk tertulis atau dicetak. Sebuah alfabet fonetik didasarkan pada prinsip satu huruf per suara, sehingga orang tahu  suara mana yang kita maksud ketika kita menggunakan huruf tertentu. Seperti halnya alfabet menyediakan cara yang cepat dan akurat dalam menuliskan pengucapan kata-kata secara individu dan menunjukkan bagaimana suara yang digunakan dalam penghubung pembicaraan. Harus diingat, bagaimanapun, bahwa alfabet fonetik tidak mengajarkan suara, juga tidak perlu menggunakan transkripsi fonetik dalam mengajar pengucapan.

            Many systems of phonetic transcription have been invented. The one used in this book for British English is that of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in its “board” form, which was used by D. Jones in his Outline of English Phonetics. For the benefit of teachers who are used to other systems, the differences between two transcriptions are set out in the front cover. The IPA transcription represents British pronunciation while the Trager-Smith transcription represents American pronunciation.

            Banyak sistem transkripsi fonetik telah diciptakan. Yang digunakan dalam buku ini untuk British English adalah  Asosiasi Fonetik Internasional (IPA) dalam bentuk "dewan", yang digunakan oleh D. Jones dalamOutline of English Phonetics. Untuk kepentingan guru yang digunakan untuk sistem lain, perbedaan antara dua transkripsi ditetapkan dalam sampul depan. Transkripsi IPA merupakan pengucapan Inggris sementara transkripsi Trager-Smith mewakili pengucapan Amerika.

2.2 ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

            The sounds of speech can be studied in three different ways. Acoustic phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are transmitted. Auditory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are heard. Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced by the human speech apparatus. This approach in speech analysis is the one most useful for a language teacher, since she needs to know how individual sounds are made in order to help her students produce the desired sounds. We will therefore adopt this approach in the following sections.

            Suara dalam berbicara dapat dipelajari dalam tiga cara yang berbeda. Acoustic fonetik adalah studi tentang bagaimana suara berbicara ditransmisikan. Auditory fonetik adalah studi tentang bagaimana suara dapat didengar. Artikulatoris fonetik adalah studi tentang bagaimana suara diproduksi oleh organberbicara manusia. Pendekatan tersebut sangat berguna bagi seorang guru bahasa dalam menganalisa pembicaraan, karena dia perlu tahu bagaimana suara individu dibuat untuk membantu murid-muridnya menghasilkan suara yang diinginkan. Oleh karena itu kita akan mengadopsi pendekatan ini dalam bagian berikut.

2.3 THE ORGANS OF SPEECH

            Although speech is a distinctive characteristic of man, there are in fact no organs of speech as such. The organs we use in speaking are primarily used in breathing and eating. There are contained in three areas of the body-the chest, the throat and the head. (it may be helpful if you keep your finger on Figure 1, so that you can refer to diagram. We will follow the flow of air outwards in this description).

            Meskipunberbicaramerupakan karakteristikkhasmanusia, sebenarnya adatidak adaorgankhusus untuk berbicara. Organyang kita gunakan dalamberbicara digunakan dalambernapasdan makan. Organ-organ tersebut terkandungdi tiga wilayahyaitu di dadatubuh, tenggorokandankepala. (mungkin akan membantujika Anda menempelkanjari Anda padaGambar1, sehingga Andadapatmerujuk kediagram. Kamiakanmengikutialirankeluarudaradalam deskripsiini).

            In the chest are the lungs, which are very important in speaking, because all the sounds of English are produced with air flowing from the lungs. When we breathe, air passes smoothly through the vocal track (the throat and mouth), without making a noise. When we speak, various things can happen to this flow of air and these interferences produce the sound of speech.

            Dalamdadaterdapatparu-paru, yangsangat pentingdalam berbicara, karena semuasuaradalambahasa Inggrisdiproduksioleh udarayang mengalirdari paru-paru. Ketikakitabernapas, udarasecara lancar melewatijalurvokal(tenggorokan dan mulut), tanpa membuatsuara. Ketikakita berbicara, berbagai halbisa terjadikealiranudara danmengganggu produksisuara.

            In the throat is the larynx or voice box, which is located just inside the Adam’s apple in a man and in the corresponding area in a woman. It has an opening called the glottis, which may be modified by the two bits of elastic tissues called vocal cords or bands that stretch across it. These vocal cords can interfere with the flow of air in various ways. The airflow can be completely stopped by the vocal cords when they are drawn firmly together to close the glottis, as in the production of a glottal stop, represented by (1) Adam’s apple. You can produce a glottal stop in pronouncing the beginning vowel in words like orange, always, enter.  When the vocal cords are drawn lightly together, the air passing through between them causes them to vibrate. This happens we make a buzzing sound like zzz. If the vocal cords are relaxed and apart, the air passes between them without causing vibration, as when we make a hissing sound like sss. In speaking, when the vocal cords vibrate, the sound produced is a voiced sound. When the vocal cords do not vibrate, the sound produced is a voiceless sound. You can feel the vibration of a voice sound by placing your hand over the voice box or hear it by covering your ears. Test this by saying the last sound in buzz, ridge and the last sound in hiss, rich.

            Dalamtenggorokanterdapatlaringatau kotaksuara, yangterletak di dalamjakunpada seorang pria dandi daerahyang samapada seorang wanita. Laring memilikipembukaanyang disebutglotis, yangdapat dimodifikasioleh duabitdarijaringanelastisyang disebutpita suaraatau bandyang membentangdi atasnya. Pita suara inidapatmengganggualiran udaradalam berbagai cara. Aliran udaradapatbenar-benar berhentiolehpita suaraketika merekaditarikbersama-samasecara tegasuntuk menutupglotis, seperti dalamproduksiglotal, yang diwakili oleh(1) jakun. Anda dapatmenghasilkanglotaldalam mengucapkanvokaldimulai padakata-kata sepertiorange, always, enter. Ketikapita diambil bersama-sama secara ringan, udara yang melewatiantara merekamenyebabkan merekabergetar. Hal ini terjadikita membuatsuaraberdengungsepertizzz. Jikapita suarayangsantaidan terpisah, udaralewat di antaramerekatanpa menyebabkangetaran, seperti ketikakita membuatsuara mendesissepertisss. Dalamberbicara, ketikapita suarabergetar, suara yang dihasilkanadalahsuarabersuara. Ketikapita suaratidakbergetar, suara yang dihasilkanadalahsuarayang berbunyi. Andadapatmerasakangetaransuarasuaradengan menempatkantangan Anda di ataskotaksuara ataumendengarnyadengan menutuptelingaAnda. Ujiini dengan mengatakansuaraterakhir dibuzz,ridgedan suaraterakhir dihiss, rich.

            The first interference with the air stream, therefore, takes place in the voice box by the action of the vocal cords. Accordingly, the first question we can ask about the production of a speech sound is: Are the vocal cords vibrating?

Campur tanganpertama denganaliran udara, oleh karena itu,berlangsung dikotaksuaraoleh aksipita suara. Dengan demikian, pertanyaan pertamayang bisa kitatanyakan tentangproduksisuaraberbicaraadalah: Apakahpita suarabergetar?

            Above the voice box is the pharynx or pharyngeal cavity, which acts as resonating chamber for the sounds produced by vibration of the vocal cords. The shape of the cavity can be modified so that the airstream can be completely or partially stopped by the action of the soft palate or the tongue.

            Di ataskotak suaraterdapatfaringatau ronggafaring, yang bertindak sebagairuangresonansiuntuksuara yang dihasilkan olehgetaranpita suara. Bentukronggadapatdimodifikasi sehinggaaliran udaradapatsepenuhnyaatau sebagiandihentikanoleh aksilangit-langit lunakataulidah.

            In the head are the organs of articulation and two cavities: the oral cavity (or mouth) and the nasal cavity (or nose). The organs of articulation in the upper part of the mouth are the uvula, the soft palate, the hard palate, the alveolar ridge (the gums behind the upper front teeth), the upper teeth and the upper lip. The organs or articulation in the lower part of the mouth are the tongue, the lower teeth and the lower lip. The tongue has been divided into three parts: the back, the front and the apex (or tip). The tongue is the most flexible organ of speech because every part of it can be moved.

            Di kepala terdapat organ artikulasi dan dua rongga: rongga mulut (atau mulut) dan rongga hidung (atau hidung). Organ artikulasi di bagian atas mulut adalah uvula, langit-langit lunak, langit-langit keras, ridge alveolar (gusi di belakang gigi depan atas), gigi atas dan bibir atas. Organ atau artikulasi di bagian bawah mulut adalah lidah, gigi bagian bawah dan bibir bawah. Lidah telah dibagi menjadi tiga bagian: bagian belakang, depan dan puncak (atau ujung). Lidah adalah organ yang paling fleksibel dalam berbicara karena setiap bagian dari itu dapat dipindahkan.

            In the production of speech sounds, the organs of the upper part of the mouth may be described as places or points of articulation and those in the lower part of the mouth as articulators. When we produce speech sound, the airflow is interfered with by articulators in the lower part of the mouth moving towards the points of articulation in the upper part of the mouth. The resulting opening is called the manner of articulation of the speech sound. There are several manners of articulation. If the articulator touches the point of articulation firmly, the airflow is stopped and the sound produced is called a stop. If it comes close and leaves a narrow opening, the air flows through with friction and the sound is called a fricative. If it touches the point of the articulation as in a stop, then comes away slowly and air passes through with friction, the sound is an affricate (a combination of stop and fricative). If it touches the point of articulation allows air to flow along the side of the tongue, the sound is a lateral.

            Dalam produksi suara bicara, organ-organ bagian atas mulut dapat digambarkan sebagai tempat atau titik artikulasi dan bagian yang berada di bagian bawah mulut sebagai artikulator. Ketika kita menghasilkan suara bicara, aliran udara ini diganggu oleh artikulator di bagian bawah mulut bergerak menuju titik-titik artikulasi di bagian atas mulut. Pembukaan yang dihasilkan disebut the manner of articulation(cara berartikulasi suara). Ada beberapa cara artikulasi. Jika artikulator menyentuh titik artikulasi secara tegas, aliran udara dihentikan dan suara yang dihasilkan disebut  stop (berhenti). Jika ia datang mendekat dan meninggalkan lubang sempit, udara mengalir dengan gesekan dan suara itu disebut frikatif. Jika menyentuh titik artikulasi seperti dalam stop (berhenti), kemudian muncul perlahan-lahan dan udara melewati dengan gesekan, maka suara itu disebutafrikat (kombinasi berhenti dan frikatif). Jika menyentuh titik artikulasi yang memungkinkan udara mengalir di sepanjang sisi lidah, suara itu disebutlateral.

            According to the description of the speech apparatus in the last two paragraphs, we can ask two questions about how any speech sound is produced: (1) what is the point of articulation? (2) What is the manner of articulation?

            Menurut keterangandariorganberbicaradalam duaparagrafterakhir,kita dapatmengajukan dua pertanyaantentang bagaimanasetiapbunyi ujaranyangdihasilkan: (1) apa gunanyaartikulasi? (2) Apacaraartikulasi?

            The airstream may pass to the outer atmosphere through either the oral or nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is connected to the oral cavity through the velic. The soft palate or velum can be drawn back to close the velic, so that the airstream from the lungs must pass through the oral cavity. On the other hand, the velum may be relaxed and leave the velic open to allow the airstream to pass through the nasal cavity. The latter is the case when sounds like [m], [n], and [h] are produced. When air goes through the oral cavity the sounds produced are oral sounds. When air passes through the nasal cavity the sounds produced are nasal sounds. We can therefore ask another question about the production of any speech sound: is the air passing through the oral or nasal cavity?

            Aliran udara dapat lolos ke atmosfer luar baik melalui rongga mulut atau hidung. Rongga hidung terhubung ke rongga mulut melalui velic. Langit-langit lunak atau velum dapat ditarik kembali untuk menutup velic, sehingga aliran udara dari paru-paru harus melalui rongga mulut. Di sisi lain, velum dapat menjadi rileks dan meninggalkan velic terbuka untuk memungkinkan aliran udara melewati rongga hidung. Yang terakhir adalah kasus ketika terdengar seperti [m], [n], dan [h] diproduksi. Ketika udara melewati rongga mulut suara yang dihasilkan adalah suara lisan. Ketika udara melewati rongga hidung suara yang dihasilkan adalah suara hidung. Oleh karena itu kita dapat mengajukan pertanyaan lain tentang produksi dari setiap bunyi ujaran: apakah udara melewati rongga mulut atau hidung?

2.4 SEGMENTS OF SPEECH

            Linguists make use of the speech apparatus just explained to classified and describe the sounds of speech. The stream of speech sound is cut up into segments according to the way the sound is produced. One basic classification is the distinction between vowels and consonants. Vowels are those segments of speech produced without any interruption or stoppage of the airstream e.g. [i], [u]. Passage of air is continuous and frictionless. Consonants, on the other hand, are segments marked by interruption of the air stream. When the interruption is complete a stop is produced as in [t], [d]. When it is incomplete and accompanied by friction a fricative is produced as in [s], [v]. The interruption may be in the form of various kinds of trills as in Scottish [r]. All vowels are produced with vibration of the vocal cords, but consonants may be produced with or without such vibration.

Ahli bahasa menjelaskan organ-organ berbicarabertujuan untuk mengelompokan dan menggambarkan suara berbicara. Aliran suara berbicara dipotong ke dalam beberapa segmen sesuai dengan cara suara dihasilkan. Salah satu klasifikasi dasar adalah perbedaan antara vokal dan konsonan. Vokal adalah segmen berbicarayang diproduksi tanpa interupsi atau penghentian dari misalnya aliran udara [i], [u]. Perjalanan udara bersifat terus menerus dan tanpa gesekan. Konsonan, di sisi lain, segmen yang ditandai dengan gangguan aliran udara. Ketika interupsi selesai maka sebuahpemberhentian diproduksi seperti dalam [t], [d]. Ketika tidak lengkap dan disertai dengan gesekan maka sebuah frikatif diproduksi seperti dalam [s], [v]. Interupsi mungkin dalam bentuk berbagai jenis trills seperti di Skotlandia [r]. Semua vokal diproduksi dengan getaran pita suara, namun konsonan dapat diproduksi dengan atau tanpa getaran tersebut.

Chapter iii

3.1 SUMMARY

            A phonetics alphabet is based on principles of one letter per sound, so that people know which sound we are reffering to when we use a certain letter. However, that phonetics alphabet does not teach sounds, nor is it necessery to use phonetics transcription in teaching pronuncition.

            There are many systems of phonetics transcription. Two of them are Internastional Phonetics Assosiation (IPA) and Trager-Smith transcription. IPA represents British pronunciation and Tragger-Smith represents American pronunciation.

            The sound of speech can be studied in three different ways:

1.      Accoustic phonetics

2.      Auditory phonetics

3.      Articulatory phonetics

The organs of speech are contained in three areas of the body--- the chest, the throat and the head.

1.        In the chest      : lungs

2.        In the throat    :larynx (voice box), vocal cords, pharynx (pharyngal cavity).

3.        In the head      : oral cavity (mouth), nasal cavity (nose) and tongue.

The organs in the upper part of the mouth may be described as a places or points of articulation and those in the lower part of the mouth as articulators. There are several manner of articulation:

1.      Stop

2.      Fricative

3.      Africative

4.      Lateral

The airstream may pass to the outer athmosphere through either the oral or nasal cavity.

Linguists make use of the speech apparatus just explained to classify and describe the sound of speech. One basic classification is the distinction between vowels and consonants.